LESSON FOUR

Translation exercises:

We will now get into some simple translations.  You may use any of the previous study materials to assist in the translation if you want to do so.

When you translate the following into English:

1. Include the comma followed by one space as separators between the parts of your English translations exactly as it is used to separate the various parts of the Greek to be translated.

2. Do not place a period at the end of your answer.

3. You are not writing complete sentences so do not begin your answer with a capital letter unless the rules of English would dictate that the word itself demands one.  An example would be when using the English word "Lord" when referring to God, which would, of course, need to be capitalized at all times and in all places, or the word "I" which is also always capitalized.

 4. Use "thou" to indicate singular and "ye" to indicate plural where necessary.

 5. For these translations, use the modern forms of the words.  Use "see" or "sees" not "seest," and use "loose" instead of "loosest," "say" instead of "sayest," "know" instead of "knowest," "take" or "takes" instead of "takest," etc.

5. For this exercise, consider the Greek to all be in the present tense and give the English translation that indicates present tense and not continuance of action.

6. For this exercise, luw is to be translated as "I loose" and not "I am loosing."

        Example 1

    Greek: luo apostoloV, luo doulos
    English translation: I loose an apostle, I loose a slave

    Note that in the English translation, the "I" is capitalized as is common for the letter I; and also notice that the comma after "apostle," matches the comma after "apostoloV," in the Greek and that there is one space between it, the comma, and the next word.

    We are not writing complete sentences, so please note the lack of a period at the end of the English translation.

        Example 2

    Greek: luete apostoloV, luw doulos
    English translation: ye loose an apostle, I loose a slave

    Note that in the English translation, the plural "ye" is used rather than "you" but it is not

        capitalized at the beginning of the sentence because we are not, at this time, writing

        complete sentences.  Also note the comma and space after apostle and the lack of a

        period at the end of the English translation.

 7. Write out your translations by hand ahead of time and then click on the GREEK TRANSLATION EXERCISE ONE link to open the online exercise to input and score your translation.

8. You will have a 30 minute time limit to input all of your translations.

9. Questions in the exercise may not be in the same order as this study list but all of these lines of Greek will be on the test.  So translate them all ahead of time and have them handy to transcribe into the online exercise.

10. You must score 100% on the exercise.  If you do not score 100%, then you must keep repeating the exercise until you do.  If you get a question wrong, then you must finish the rest of the test and then start the test again for another try.

Now translate the following Greek into English:

1. blepw, blepomen, blepousi

2. ginowskomen, ginowskousi, grafete

3. blepeiV, blepei, blepeti

4. ekw, ekousi, ekete

5. legw, legeiV, legousi

6. luomen, luousi, lueiV

7. lambanw, lambanei, lambanousi

8. didaskomen, didaskousi, didaskete

9. grafw, grafeiV, grafomen

10. ginwskomen, didaskousi, grafete

11. lueiV, blepei, lambaneti

12. ekw, ekousi, ekete

Click this link to check your translations.

GREEK TRANSLATION EXERCISE ONE

If exercise fails to open, please refresh the page.

The Second Declension. Order of words. Movable n.

    There are three declensions in Greek. The second declension is given first because it is easier.

declension, def. the change of endings in nouns and adjectives to express their different relations of gender.

Indefinite article/definite article.

        There is no indefinite article in Greek but there is a definite article.

    indefinite article - Because there is no indefinite article in the Greek, then adelfoV can mean 

either brother or a brother.

plural indefinite article - In the plural, neither the Greek nor the English have the indefinite article. Thus, anqropoi means men but not the men.

definite article - There is a definite article in Greek, and where it is not there in the Greek, then we should not insert one when translating into English. 
Thus adelfoV means brother but not the brother.

The Greek noun has gender, number, and case.

        Gender - masculine, feminine, and neuter.

           These are each indicated by the article.

        masculine article - ὸ (haw)

        feminine article - ὴ (hay)

        neuter article - to (taw)

    Nearly all nouns of the second declension ending in os (or oV because this is at the end of the word) are masculine; and all nouns of this declension ending in on are neuter. And look for the article placed after the noun (ὸ, ὴ, to) to determine the gender.

Number - there are two numbers: singular and plural.
Verbs agree with their subject in number.

Exercise:

Pronounce the Greek article on the left aloud and then
pronounce and click on the correct answer on the right.

Translation Exercise

translate the following:

Read the Greek in the left column aloud and then choose and read the correct answer from the right column aloud.  Try to do this without referring to the study material.
In the following exercise, click the answer on the right that is the correct translation of the Greek on the left.  If it takes more than two tries to get a correct answer for any one Greek phrase, then please review the study material before trying that phrase again.  Once you receive confirmation that you have chosen the right answer, you may then continue to the next Greek phrase.

You may continue on to the next section when you can complete this entire exercise without any mistakes and without using any of the study materials.  If you make a mistake, then stay on that question until you choose the right answer and then answer the rest of the questions all the way to the end of the entire exercise before going back to the beginning to try the exercise again.

 Now complete the following translation exercise.
Read all Greek and English aloud as you do this exercise.
Translation Exercise for Lesson Four

The Second Declension

Note: The iota subscript under the w in anqrwpw and the breathing mark over the diphthong ui in  uioV are not shown. The iota subscript under the w makes no difference in the pronunciation of the word; however, the breathing mark over the ui in uioV would cause that diphthong to be pronounced "hwee."  Please pronounce it that way in the exercises.

Memorize the following charts for future use.

Key to abbreviations:

Nom.  Nominative case: subject

Gen.  Genitive case: expresses possession (and other uses)

Dat.  Dative case: indirect object (and other uses)

Acc.  Accusative case: object of a transitive verb

Voc.  Vocative case: direct address

N.V.  When Nominative & Vocative case are the same in the declension

NOTE:  In all neuter nouns, of all declensions, the vocative and accusative of both the singular and the plural are the same as the nominative.

NOTE:  The nominative vocative and accusative plural always end in a.

Case - there are five cases

    Although there are exceptions, generally the case indicates the following:
    nominative, subject

       genitive, expresses possession (and other uses)
    dative, indirect object (and other uses)
    accusative, the object of a transitive verb
    vocative, direct address

Declension of anqropoV, ὸ a man

Declension of anqropoV, ὸ a man

Key to abbreviations:

Nom.  Nominative case: subject

Gen.  Genitive case: expresses possession (and other uses)

Dat.  Dative case: indirect object (and other uses)

Acc.  Accusative case: object of a transitive verb

Voc.  Vocative case: direct address

N.V.  When Nominative & Vocative case are the same in the declension

The -o declension: The second declension is sometimes called the -o declension because all nouns in it have stems that end in o (short) or w (long).

   However, this final letter of the stem is oft disguised in combinations.  It is therefore advisable to consider the o (short) or w (long) as the characteristic vowel in the last syllable of the noun.

Examples: (from the declension chart of anqropoV above)

   Note the "o" or "w" in all of the end syllables except in the singular Vocative where it is "e."

Endings in the second declension:

   Memorize these endings for the second declension nouns.

Second Declension ending chart

Linear chart for memorization purposes: 
 singular oV, ou, w, on, e, plural oi, wn, oiV, ouV

Practice test for second declension noun endings.
Pronounce all Greek and English words and phrases aloud.
(This is just a practice exercise.  It is not factored into your grade for the course.)
Click HERE for test exercise

Declension practice: for anqropoV, ὸ

You may use the study materials while doing this exercise.

You must pronounce all questions and answers aloud.

1. Read the phrase in the left column aloud and then choose and read the correct answer from the right column aloud.

2. Click the answer on the right that is the correct Greek declension as stated on the left.

3. You must stay on each question, reading question and answer out loud each time, until you pick and pronounce the correct answer.

4. Once you receive confirmation that you have chosen the right answer, you may then continue to the next question. Do the complete exercise all the way through, both singular and plural, 5 times.

5. After the fifth time through the entire exercise, you may continue on to the next section when you can complete this entire exercise again without making any mistakes.  If you make a mistake, then you must continue all the way through the exercise before starting over.

Scroll down for another practice exercise.

Declension practice: for anqropoV, ὸ

You may NOT use any study materials while doing this exercise.  It must be done from memory alone.

You must pronounce all questions and answers aloud.

1. Read the phrase in the left column aloud and then choose and read the correct answer from the right column aloud.

2. Click the answer on the right that is the correct Greek declension as stated on the left.

3. You must stay on each question, reading question and answer out loud each time, until you pick and pronounce the correct answer.

4. Once you receive confirmation that you have chosen the right answer, you may then continue to the next question. Do the complete exercise all the way through, both singular and plural, 5 times.

5. After the fifth time through the entire exercise, you may continue on to the next section when you can complete this entire exercise again without making any mistakes.  If you make a mistake, then you must continue all the way through the exercise before starting over.

Declension of:

Declension of a son
(memorize)

Key to abbreviations:

Nom.  Nominative case: subject

Gen.  Genitive case: expresses possession (and other uses)

Dat.  Dative case: indirect object (and other uses)

Acc.  Accusative case: object of a transitive verb

Voc.  Vocative case: direct address

N.V.  When Nominative & Vocative case are the same in the declension

Declension practice: for

You may use any study materials while doing this exercise.  It must be done from memory alone.

You must pronounce all questions and answers aloud.

1. Read the phrase in the left column aloud and then choose and read the correct answer from the right column aloud.

2. Click the answer on the right that is the correct Greek declension as stated on the left.

3. You must stay on each question, reading question and answer out loud each time, until you pick and pronounce the correct answer.

4. Once you receive confirmation that you have chosen the right answer, you may then continue to the next question. Do the complete exercise all the way through, both singular and plural, 5 times.

5. After the fifth time through the entire exercise, you may continue on to the next section when you can complete this entire exercise again without making any mistakes.  If you make a mistake, then you must continue all the way through the exercise before starting over.

Scroll down for further practice.

Declension practice: for

You may not use any study materials while doing this exercise.  It must be done from memory alone.

You must pronounce all questions and answers aloud.

1. Read the phrase in the left column aloud and then choose and read the correct answer from the right column aloud.

2. Click the answer on the right that is the correct Greek declension as stated on the left.

3. You must stay on each question, reading question and answer out loud each time, until you pick and pronounce the correct answer.

4. Once you receive confirmation that you have chosen the right answer, you may then continue to the next question. Do the complete exercise all the way through, both singular and plural, 5 times.

5. After the fifth time through the entire exercise, you may continue on to the next section when you can complete this entire exercise again without making any mistakes.  If you make a mistake, then you must continue all the way through the exercise before starting over.